Blepharoplasty in Patients with Dry Eye: Tailoring Techniques for Optimal Safety and Aesthetic Outcomes

Introduction

Cosmetic and functional eyelid surgery—particularly blepharoplasty—is among the most commonly performed procedures in oculoplastic and aesthetic surgery. However, when it comes to patients with pre-existing dry eye syndrome (DES), a cautious, patient-centered approach becomes essential. Inadequate planning or overly aggressive surgery can exacerbate dry eye symptoms, leading to chronic discomfort, vision changes, and dissatisfaction with cosmetic outcomes.

In this article, we will explore how surgeons can safely and effectively modify blepharoplasty techniques in patients with dry eye or at high risk for ocular surface disease. Emphasis will be placed on preoperative evaluation, intraoperative technique selection, and postoperative care, aiming to balance functional integrity with rejuvenating aesthetics.

Understanding the Relationship Between Blepharoplasty and Dry Eye

Blepharoplasty, particularly of the lower lid, can potentially worsen or precipitate dry eye symptoms through several mechanisms:

• Reduced blink efficiency, especially with over-resection of skin or orbicularis.

• Poor eyelid-globe apposition, leading to increased exposure.

• Lagophthalmos, or incomplete lid closure, especially in upper blepharoplasty.

• Disruption of meibomian glands or tear film homeostasis.

Patients with pre-existing dry eye symptoms already have fragile ocular surface dynamics, so any alteration to lid position, tone, or blink mechanism must be approached with extreme care.

1. Preoperative Evaluation: Identifying the At-Risk Patient

A comprehensive pre-op workup helps stratify dry eye risk and informs surgical planning.

A. Patient History

Ask specifically about:

• Burning, foreign body sensation, tearing, or redness.

• Symptoms worse in the morning (suggestive of exposure).

• Contact lens intolerance.

• History of LASIK, menopause, or autoimmune disease.

B. Clinical Testing

Use a combination of objective and functional tests:

• Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT): <10 seconds indicates tear film instability.

• Schirmer’s test: <10 mm in 5 minutes suggests reduced aqueous production.

• Oxford staining score: Evaluates epithelial damage.

• Eyelid laxity and snapback test: For lower lid blepharoplasty planning.

• Meibomian gland evaluation: Expressibility and dropout.

C. Imaging (Optional)

Tear osmolarity and meibography offer quantitative insights and are helpful in borderline cases.

2. Surgical Planning: Choosing the Right Technique

Once dry eye risk is assessed, surgical techniques must be adjusted accordingly.

A. Upper Blepharoplasty Considerations

i. Conservative Skin Resection

Over-resection can result in lagophthalmos or loss of upper lid crease function, increasing ocular exposure. Instead:

• Preserve at least 10–12 mm of vertical lid skin between the lash line and brow.

• Respect the preseptal orbicularis—avoid aggressive muscle excision.

ii. Levator Modifications

In patients undergoing combined ptosis repair:

• Use aponeurotic advancement rather than resection.

• Aim for symmetry without elevation beyond normal to prevent exposure keratopathy.

iii. Fat Management

• Preserve the preaponeurotic fat pads unless they are truly herniated.

• Avoid deep central debulking, which can affect eyelid closure and the lacrimal pump.

B. Lower Blepharoplasty Adjustments

This is where most dry eye exacerbations occur due to changes in eyelid-globe apposition and blink dynamics.

i. Skin-Only or Skin-Muscle Flap?

• In dry eye patients, consider a skin-only approach when possible.

• If muscle manipulation is needed, preserve the orbicularis to maintain tone and pump function.

ii. Conservative Skin Resection

Use pinch testing to avoid removing too much skin. Over-resection causes ectropion or scleral show, worsening exposure.

• Remove <4 mm in most cases.

• Leave a margin of safety for future skin contraction.

iii. Canthal Support

In patients with horizontal laxity or high risk of ectropion:

• Perform a lateral canthopexy or canthoplasty.

• This reinforces eyelid position and minimizes the risk of lid retraction.

iv. Transconjunctival Approach

For patients with good skin tone but herniated fat:

• A transconjunctival blepharoplasty avoids skin and muscle disruption.

• It preserves eyelid support and blink dynamics, reducing exposure risk.

3. Intraoperative Strategies to Minimize Dry Eye Risk

A. Preserve Orbicularis Muscle

The orbicularis oculi contributes to:

• Eyelid closure.

• Tear pump function.

• Protection of the ocular surface.

Thus, minimal or no muscle excision is recommended. When removal is necessary, favor preseptal muscle only, and leave postseptal portions untouched.

B. Avoid Overcorrection

The pursuit of dramatic results should not compromise function. Avoid:

• Over-elevating the brow in brow lifts.

• Over-tightening canthal sutures.

• Aggressive removal of orbital fat that may support eyelid-globe contour.

C. Judicious Use of Energy Devices

CO₂ lasers or RF devices, if used for skin tightening, should be conservatively applied to prevent collateral heat damage that may affect the meibomian glands or lid margin integrity.

4. Postoperative Care for Dry Eye Patients

The recovery phase is crucial in preventing long-term complications.

A. Lubrication and Moisture

• Preservative-free artificial tears every 1–2 hours for the first week.

• Lubricating ointment at night to support lagophthalmos healing.

• Consider moisture goggles for nighttime protection.

B. Temporary Measures for Protection

In patients with incomplete lid closure or excessive exposure:

• Taping the eyelid closed at night.

• Temporary tarsorrhaphy in rare cases with severe exposure.

• Punctal plugs if aqueous deficiency is prominent.

C. Anti-inflammatory Therapy

• Topical cyclosporine or lifitegrast can stabilize the tear film and reduce inflammation.

• Short-course corticosteroids may be needed for acute flare-ups but should be used judiciously.

D. Watch for Complications

Monitor patients closely for:

• Persistent epithelial defects.

• Increased fluorescein staining post-op.

• Visual fluctuations or contact lens intolerance.

Early intervention minimizes chronic discomfort and corneal sequelae.

5. Special Cases and Techniques

A. Patients With Prior LASIK

LASIK affects corneal nerve innervation and reduces blink-induced tear release. These patients are at heightened risk for post-op dry eye.

• Be especially conservative with upper blepharoplasty.

• Pre-op lubrication and punctal plug placement may be helpful.

B. Autoimmune-Associated Dry Eye (e.g., Sjögren’s Syndrome)

In these patients:

• Avoid blepharoplasty unless functionally necessary.

• If proceeding, collaborate with rheumatologists and ensure systemic disease is controlled.

• Expect slower healing and require intensified post-op lubrication.

6. Patient Counseling and Expectations

Even with tailored techniques, patients with baseline dry eye may experience temporary worsening of symptoms post-op. Key talking points include:

• The importance of preoperative optimization of tear film and ocular surface.

• The need for close follow-up and possible interventions like punctal plugs or topical therapy.

• That functional integrity is prioritized over dramatic aesthetic change.

A well-informed patient is more likely to be satisfied—even if the cosmetic enhancement is subtle—because they appreciate the care taken to preserve comfort and vision.

Conclusion

Blepharoplasty in patients with dry eye is not contraindicated—but it does demand meticulous planning, conservative technique, and proactive aftercare. By preserving eyelid function, minimizing disruption to blink mechanics, and protecting the ocular surface, surgeons can deliver rejuvenating results without compromising patient comfort.

As the population ages and the prevalence of dry eye increases, mastering these adjustments becomes critical for delivering safe, beautiful, and sustainable outcomes in eyelid surgery.

Would you like this article turned into a patient-facing version, clinical handout, or infographic for your practice website or social media channels?